they have questioned
Present perfect they conjugation of question.
Not only have critics rejected arguments which tended to view literacy as a precondition for development but they have questioned its functionality in the absence of empirical evidence of its uses and practices.
Ses détracteurs ont non seulement rejeté les arguments qui en faisaient la condition requise du développement, mais ils ont également mis en doute sa fonctionnalité vu l’absence de preuves empiriques de ses utilisations et pratiques.
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